“清苔灵”对河蟹、青苔及2种水草的毒性试验

[目的]探讨"清苔灵"对河蟹、青苔和2种水草的毒性。[方法]采用正交法和梯度法在添加水草和空白水体中加入"清苔灵",研究"清苔灵"对河蟹、青苔和2种水草的毒性。[结果]有蟹组"清苔灵"浓度达到30 mg/L时对河蟹无毒害作用,对水质影响有限。无蟹组高浓度"清苔灵"有稳定水体的pH的作用,氨氮、硫化氢和亚硝酸盐虽有较微升高,但对河蟹的生长影响不大。[结论]该研究可为"清苔灵"在河蟹养殖中的合理使用提供依据。     

澧水常德段水环境质量现状分析与评价

比照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002），运用综合评价指数法，对2007年度澧水常德段石门县三江口、津市市窑坡渡、安乡县沙河口3个监测断面的水质现状进行分析与评价。结果表明：澧水常德段水质总体上达到地表水Ⅲ类标准，水质良好，其中石门县三江口和安乡县沙河口所有监测项目均处于标准值范围，津市市窑坡渡存在粪大肠菌群超标现象。今后应加强水环境监测能力建设，重视水资源合理开发利用，统筹安排生产、生活用水，严格控制排污量，为地方经济社会发展提供可持续的水利保障。     

南海北部海域多齿蛇鲻的种群分析

对南海北部海域5个多齿蛇鲻地理群体(北海、湛江、茂名、东莞、汕尾)共78个个体的线粒体控制区基因序列进行了扩增测序。在78个个体的568bp序列中共检测到48个单倍型,39个变异位点。经分子变异等级分析(AMOVA)得出5个地理群体内遗传变异度为98.82%,群体间遗传变异度仅为1.18%,各群体间成对遗传变异固定指数FST值在0.00024～0.03008;78个个体间的遗传距离在0～0.025。通过对基于序列片段构建的NJ树和基于序列单倍型利用中介网络法构建的群体间关系网的分析发现,5个群体间有明显的基因交流,遗传分化差异不大;再结合种群、种及属的界定标准,判定5个多齿蛇鲻群体归属于同一种群;而且,在经历快速增长、变异和瓶颈期之后,多齿蛇鲻种群就以小群体模式继续快速增长,形成地理群体。     

Corn crop response under managing different irrigation and salinity levels

Non-uniformity of water distribution under irrigation system creates both deficit and surplus irrigation areas. Water salinity can be hazard on crop production; however, there is little information on the interaction of irrigation and salinity conditions on corn (Zea Mays) growth and production. This study evaluated the effect of salinity and irrigation levels on growth and yield of corn grown in the arid area of Egypt. A field experiment was conducted using corn grown in northern Egypt at Quesina, Menofia in 2009 summer season to evaluate amount of water applied, salinity hazard and their interactions. Three salinity levels and five irrigation treatments were arranged in a randomized split-plot design with salinity treatments as main plots and irrigation rates within salinity treatments. Salinity treatments were to apply fresh water (0.89 dS m⁻¹), saline water (4.73 dS m⁻¹), or mixing fresh plus saline water (2.81 dS m⁻¹). Irrigation treatments were a ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET) as: 0.6ET, 0.8ET, 1.0ET, 1.2ET, and 1.4ET. In well-watered conditions (1.0ET), seasonal water usable by corn was 453, 423, and 380 mm for 0.89EC, 2.81EC and 4.73EC over the 122-day growing season, respectively. Soil salt accumulation was significantly increased by either irrigation salinity increase or amount decrease. But, soil infiltration was significantly decreased by either salinity level or its interaction with irrigation amount. Leaf temperature, transpiration rate, and stomata resistance were significantly affected by both irrigation and salinity levels with interaction. Leaf area index, harvest index, and yield were the greatest when fresh and adequate irrigation was applied. Grain yield was significantly affected in a linear relationship (r² ≥ 0.95) by either irrigation or salinity conditions with no interaction. An optimal irrigation scheduling was statistically developed based on crop response for a given salinity level to extrapolate data from the small experiment (uniform condition) to big field (non-uniformity condition) under the experiment constraints.     

不同饲料原料对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

分别以专用配合饲料、浸泡蚕豆、浸泡豌豆喂养体质量为(1540.9±57.5)g的草鱼(Cteno-pharyngodon idellus)90d,以考察不同原料对草鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,配合饲料组、浸泡蚕豆组和浸泡豌豆组草鱼的增重率分别为17.3%、13.7%和12.2%,饵料系数分别为5.00、4.09和5.08,三种原料对草鱼的脏体比、肝体比没有显著影响;与普通草鱼相比,三种原料组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量和肌肉失水率显著降低(P0.05),胶原蛋白含量和肌原纤维长度显著增加(P0.05)。上述结果表明,三种原料均可显著改善草鱼肌肉品质;与浸泡蚕豆组相比,专用配合饲料组显著提高了草鱼的生长性能。     

锦鲤成熟系数及个体生殖力的研究

对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpiod)的成熟系数和个体生殖力进行了研究。结果显示:雌、雄锦鲤成熟系数变化规律基本一致,成熟系数在5月下旬达到最高值。2+~5+龄锦鲤个体绝对生殖力F与其年龄A、体长L、体重W呈直线相关,回归方程分别为:F=67054A+61567(R2=0.8419,P<0.01),F=8588.4L+24969(R2=0.9217,P<0.01),F=315.33W-9688.8(R2=0.9631,P<0.01)。     

“核桃黑”的防治技术

核桃黑是由核桃举肢蛾（Atrijuglans hetaohei Yang）,黑斑病（Xanthomonas juglandis Dvwson）,桃蛀螟（Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guen＇ee）和核桃炭疽病（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz）共同危害的结果。本文分析了发生危害的特点,提出了三项有效防治措施。     

用IGF—ⅠmRNA表达量评价鲮饲料配方效果的研究

试验以秘鲁鱼粉为饲料蛋白源，研究4种蛋白水平（21．5％、32．2％、42．5％和51．6％）的饲料对鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）生长、消化酶活性及类胰岛素生长因子（IGF—Ⅰ）mRNA表达水平的影响。经过8周的养殖试验，不同饲料蛋白水平下，蛋白酶活性与特定生长率（SGR）成极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）；鲮肝组织中IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与特定生长率成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）；鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与蛋白酶活性也成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）。结果表明，用鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量可以快速鉴定饲料的质量。     

Investigations on the digestibility and metabolizability of the major nutrients and energy of maize leaves and barnyard grass in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

In the uplands of northern Vietnam, culture of grass carp contributes significantly to income and household food security of Black Thai farmers. Maize is one of the most important upland crops and barnyard grass is the most important weed in the paddy rice fields. Thus, these are frequently used by small‐scale fish farmers as fish feed. An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted simultaneously in a recirculation and in a respirometric system to determine the digestibility and metabolizability of the nutrients of maize leaves and barnyard grass, to assess their crude protein, lipid and energy conversion and to estimate the energy allocation in grass carp. The following diets were used: diet ‘A’ (reference diet) containing 39% crude protein with 19.8 MJ kg^?1 gross energy; diets ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’, which contained the same amount of the reference diet as the control diet, supplemented with a known amount of dried barnyard grass, dried maize leaves or fresh maize leaves, respectively. Five fish were assigned to each treatment in each experimental unit. Reference and test diets were fed to fish and faecal samples were collected and the oxygen consumption was measured in order to set up an energy budget of the fish over the whole experimental period. The weekly development of the body weight was recorded. The body weight gain of the fish fed diet D was significantly higher than that of the group fed diet A, which also in turn was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet B or C. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and gross energy for the different experimental diets in fish kept in the aquaria were, for diets A, B, C and D respectively, 94.1%, 60.9%, 70.5% and 84.7% for protein, 91.3%, 60.7%, 76.8% and 71.8% for lipid; 95.9%, 44.5%, 60.6% and 69.1% for gross energy. The partial ADC of plant leaf ingredients were determined and barnyard grass and dried maize leaves were found to be not only poorly digestible but having negative impact on the digestibility of the reference diet, while fresh maize leaves were well digested. The results of the present study indicated that fresh maize leaves have a good potential to be used as supplement in diets for grass carp.     

Inheritance and reliability of random amplified polymorphic DNA-markers in two consecutive generations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used in a variety of genetic studies in fisheries and aquaculture. Most population studies are performed without preliminary data demonstrating the Mendelian inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers. In this study, the inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers was examined in two consecutive generations of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Variability and segregation of RAPD markers were investigated in one F₁ progeny and three F₂ progenies. Seventy-four RAPD markers were generated by five primers using DNA extracted from the initial ornamental (koi) common carp female and wild-type colour common carp male. Fifty-five of these RAPD markers were transmitted to the F₁ progeny and the inheritance patterns were analysed. Twenty RAPD markers were fully reproducible and demonstrated dominant simple Mendelian inheritance patterns in two consecutive generations. Twenty-four RAPD markers were not reproducible in all progenies. Thirteen markers displayed inheritance ratios in the progenies that did not fit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns. Non-reproducibility of RAPD markers and distorted ratios may be caused by the absence of amplification, poor amplification or by the appearance of artefact bands. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers with poor reproducibility and non-Mendelian inheritance can lead to misinterpretations of data in population studies, resulting in errors in the estimation of genetic diversity within and between individual populations. Therefore, it is recommended to first identify the set of reproducible RAPD markers that demonstrate Mendelian inheritance before application of the RAPD technique in population studies.